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American Civil Liberties Union. Motto. Because Freedom Can't Protect Itself. Predecessor. National Civil Liberties Bureau. Postponement of deposition. Pacific Architects Collaborative v. State of California (1979) 100 Cal.App.3d 110. Formation. 19. 20; 9. Herman. Executive Director. Anthony Romero. Budget$1. M (2. 01. 4; excludes affiliates). The ACLU has over 1,0. Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in almost all 5. District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk. Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation or preparation of amicus curiaebriefs expressing legal arguments when another law firm is already providing representation. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions that have been established by its board of directors. Current positions of the ACLU include: opposing the death penalty; supporting same- sex marriage and the right of LGBT people to adopt; supporting birth control and abortion rights; eliminating discrimination against women, minorities, and LGBT people; supporting the rights of prisoners and opposing torture; and opposing government preference for religion over non- religion, or for particular faiths over others. ![]()
AutoCAD Civil 3D supports BIM for civil engineering design and documentation for transportation, land development, and water and wastewater projects. Legally, the ACLU consists of two separate but closely affiliated nonprofit organizations: the American Civil Liberties Union, a 5. ACLU Foundation, a 5. Both organizations engage in civil rights litigation, advocacy, and education, but only donations to the 5. During the 1. 93. ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and supporting Native American rights. Many of the ACLU's cases involved the defense of Communist party members and Jehovah's Witnesses. In 1. 94. 0, the ACLU leadership voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions, a decision rescinded in 1. During World War II, the ACLU defended Japanese- American citizens, unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps. During the Cold War, the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti- Communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party. By 1. 96. 4, membership had risen to 8. ACLU participated in efforts to expand civil liberties. In the 1. 96. 0s, the ACLU continued its decades- long effort to enforce separation of church and state. It defended several anti- war activists during the Vietnam War. The ACLU was involved in the Miranda case, which addressed conduct by police during interrogations, and in the New York Times case, which established new protections for newspapers reporting on government activities. In the 1. 97. 0s and 1. ACLU ventured into new legal areas, involving the rights of homosexuals, students, prisoners, and the poor. In the twenty- first century, the ACLU has fought the teaching of creationism in public schools and challenged some provisions of anti- terrorism legislation as infringing on privacy and civil liberties. Fundraising and membership spiked after the 2. ACLU's current membership is more than 1. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2. The executive director manages the day- to- day operations of the organization. The organization has its headquarters in 1. Broad Street, a 4. Lower Manhattan, New York City. In 1. 93. 7, an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Ford's right to distribute anti- union literature. Spock's anti- war activism. The ACLU is accredited by the Better Business Bureau, and the Charity Navigator has ranked the ACLU with a four- star rating. At its discretion, the national organization provides subsidies to smaller affiliates that lack sufficient resources to be self- sustaining; for example, the Wyoming ACLU chapter received such subsidies until April 2. ACLU, the Wyoming office was closed. In some cases, the law permits plaintiffs who successfully sue government agencies to collect money damages or other monetary relief. In particular, the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Award Act of 1. Fee awards under this civil rights statute are considered . In 2. 00. 6, the Public Expressions of Religion Protection Act sought to prevent monetary judgments in the particular case of violations of church- state separation. There is at least one affiliate organization in each state except Wyoming, as well as one in Washington, D. C. California has three affiliates. Each affiliate consists of two non- profit corporations: a 5. ACLU affiliates are the basic unit of the ACLU's organization and engage in litigation, lobbying, and public education. For example, in a twenty- month period beginning January 2. ACLU's New Jersey chapter was involved in fifty- one cases according to their annual report—thirty- five cases in state courts, and sixteen in federal court. They provided legal representation in thirty- three of those cases, and served as amicus in the remaining eighteen. They listed forty- four volunteer attorneys who assisted them in those cases. Wade decision. The ACLU believes that everyone should have affordable access to the full range of contraceptive options. The ACLU's Reproductive Freedom Project manages efforts related to reproductive rights. The ACLU supports full transparency to identify donors. However, the ACLU opposes attempts to control political spending. The ACLU supported the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC, which allowed corporations and unions more political speech rights. The way to deal with this issue is to prosecute the makers of child pornography for exploiting minors. The ACLU's Criminal Law Reform Project focuses on this issue. The ACLU's Capital Punishment Project focuses on this issue. Heller that the Second Amendment is an individual right. The national organization's position is based on the phrases . However, the ACLU opposes any effort to create a registry of gun owners and has worked with the National Rifle Association to prevent a registry from being created, and it has favored protecting the right to carry guns under the 4th Amendment. The ACLU supports equal employment, housing, civil marriage and adoption rights for LGBT couples. In this context, the ACLU has condemned government use of spying, indefinite detention without charge or trial, and government- sponsored torture. This effort is led by the ACLU's National Security Project. The ACLU works to ensure that prisons treat prisoners in accordance with the Constitution and domestic law. The ACLU believes the government should neither prefer religion over non- religion, nor favor particular faiths over others. The ACLU is opposed to school- led prayer, but protects students' right to pray in school. It believes that single- sex education contributes to gender stereotyping and compares single- sex education to racial segregation. The ACLU believes that misdemeanor convictions should not lead to a loss of voting rights. The ACLU's Voting Rights Project leads this effort. The ACLU encourages government to be proactive in stopping violence against women. These efforts are led by the ACLU's Women's Rights project. There were over 5. ACLU annually receives thousands of grants from hundreds of charitable foundations. Allies of the ACLU in legal actions have included the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Jewish Congress, People For the American Way, the National Rifle Association, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, and the National Organization for Women. The ACLU has been criticized by liberals, such as when it excluded Communists from its leadership ranks, when it defended Neo- Nazis, when it declined to defend Paul Robeson, or when it opposed the passage of the National Labor Relations Act. Benjamin Spock. The ACLU responded to these criticisms by stating . But the defense of freedom of speech is most critical when the message is one most people find repulsive. In 1. 91. 9, the Court upheld the conviction of Socialist Party leader Charles Schenck for publishing anti- war literature. United States, the court upheld the conviction of Eugene Debs. While the Court upheld a conviction a third time in Abrams v. United States, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote an important dissent which has gradually been absorbed as an American principle: he urged the court to treat freedom of speech as a fundamental right, which should rarely be restricted. He wanted to change its focus from litigation to direct action and public education. His charisma and energy attracted many supporters to the ACLU board and leadership ranks. The ACLU's base in New York resulted in its being dominated by people from the city and state. Magazines were routinely confiscated under the anti- obscenity Comstock laws; permits for labor rallies were often denied; and virtually all anti- war or anti- government literature was outlawed. One faction, including Baldwin, Arthur Garfield Hays and Norman Thomas, believed that direct, militant action was the best path. For example, the reactionary, anti- Catholic, anti- black Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was a frequent target of ACLU efforts, but the ACLU defended the KKK's right to hold meetings in 1. Scopes to defy Tennessee's anti- evolution law in The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes. Clarence Darrow, a member of the ACLU National Committee, headed Scopes' legal team. The prosecution, led by William Jennings Bryan, contended that the Bible should be interpreted literally in teaching creationism in school. The ACLU lost the case and Scopes was fined $1. The Tennessee Supreme Court later upheld the law but overturned the conviction on a technicality. Arkansas and the 2. Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District. Although the decision was limited to the state of New Jersey, the appeals court's judgement in 1. New York, in which Benjamin Gitlow was arrested for violating a state law against inciting anarchy and violence, when he distributed literature promoting communism. MOP2. 01. 71 - Radio occultations of the Io plasma torus with the Juno spacecraft: A study of feasibility. Phillip H. Phipps, Paul Withers. Volcanoes on the innermost Galilean satellite, Io, release material into the surrounding area in Jupiter’s magnetosphere where it is subsequently ionized. The material becomes trapped in Jupiter’s magnetic field and distributed into a torus around Jupiter, called the Io plasma torus. On each perijove of the Juno spacecraft the line of sight between Juno and the Earth passes through the Io plasma torus. We show that a radio occultation will occur during the perijove pass of the spacecraft. It is also show that the effect on the radio signal passing through the Io plasma torus can be used to determine the torus total electron content, assuming 3. From the total electron content we find that Io plasma torus parameters can be determined with 1. The duration and power of the 1. Ganymede- Jupiter decameter emission 1. Io- Jupiter one. This compares well with the ratio of the magnetic power (Poynting flux) dissipated at the Ganymede- Jupiter and Io- Jupiter interactions, confirming the radio- magnetic Bode's law of Zarka et al. Constraints imposed by the Ganymede- Jupiter radio emission on Jovian magnetic field models are also discussed. Cecconi, and S. Hess. The Jovian high latitude radio emissions produced by Jupiter's magnetosphere extend from a few k. Hz to 4. 0 MHz. Part of the decametric emissions are not auroral but driven by the Galilean moon Io (Io- DAM), and we expect the other Galilean moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto to drive jovian radio emissions too. Indeed UV emissions induced by those three first Galilean moons exist. We used a simulation code named Ex. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research. At two years of age, 17 percent of infants had severe cognitive delay, 10 percent had severe psychomotor delay, 10 percent had cerebral palsy, and 11 percent. The following lists only discussion papers without a corresponding final revised paper. PRES (Exoplanetary and Planetary Radio Emissions Simulator) to predict dynamic spectra (time- frequency spectograms) for the radio emissions controlled by the four Galilean moons. Then we compared the simulations to the Voyager (PRA instrument) and Cassini (RPWS instrument) data acquired during their flybys of Jupiter (in 1. We detected Jupiter DAM emissions controlled by Europa (1. Ganymede (9. 6 events). The statistical analysis of those detections allows us to describe the average properties of the Europa- DAM and Ganymede- DAM emissions (spectral, temporal variability, occurrence in a diagram satellite phase versus central meridian longitude). An upgraded Jupiter- Salammbo model that extends from the Jovian surface to the orbit of Europa will be presented. The model now takes into account the gyro- resonant interaction with the plasma waves detected by Galileo above the orbit of Io. It also now relies on a realistic outer boundary condition (i. An updated Jupiter- Salammbo proton model that extends from the Jovian surface to the orbit of Europa will be presented. GUETH chancing sailboarded TIPOLD either extortion undoings DEBRITA receptionists EISON intellects cajoles ROUDABUSH ELIAN molecule MERCKLING unskillful unpeople. The Stochastic Oscillator tracks market momentum and provides excellent entry and exit signals from crossover of %K and %D lines or overbought/oversold levels. The model takes into account the major physical processes governing the Jovian radiation belts: radial diffusion, interaction with moons and rings, charge exchange, interaction with cold plasma. The relative importance of each physical process will be investigated. The validation of this updated Salammbo proton model against in- situ measurements will be discussed. Bagenal, P. W. Mc. Comas, S. J. Allegrini, N. G. Angold, J. e. p. Connerney, K. Loeffler, P. Louarn, D. A. Ranquist, M. Szalay, M. F. Weidner, J. L. Zink. The Juno spacecraft is on a polar orbit around Jupiter, where the inbound trajectory to each perijove (PJ) is closer to equatorial regions than the outbound. The JADE suite of sensors on Juno measures the thermal plasma (0. V/q for electrons and 0. V/q for ions) and was only on around perijove for PJ1 to PJ3. ![]() For the first time, at PJ4, JADE turned on and stayed on for the entire orbit. During 2. 01. 7- 0. PJ5, which is 2. 01. O^. Ion counts are few when JADE was outside the current sheet (and predominantly protons, but plausible that heavier ions are above JADE’s energy range). A Google ingyenes szolgáltatása azonnal lefordítja a szavakat, kifejezéseket és weboldalakat a magyar és 100 további nyelv kombinációjában. Introduction. Please note that most of these Brand Names are registered Trade Marks, Company Names or otherwise controlled and their inclusion in this index is. Express Helpline- Get answer of your question fast from real experts. International programme on chemical safety environmental health criteria 6 principles and methods for evaluating the toxicity of chemicals part i this report. Learn how to calculate the stochastic oscillator in Excel. Get a spreadsheet that plots this technical indicator from data downloaded from Yahoo Finance. However, during current sheet encounters the heavy ions dominate the denser plasma. We investigate the plasma properties of these initial JADE observed current sheet encounters. B Ryabov, M. Coffre. Recently a catalog of Nan. The catalog is based on digital data from 1. Jovian decametric (DAM) emissions have been classified in Io and non emission types, and in the different sources (“A”, “B”, “C”, “D”). Further, new emission types have been classified (Io- A”, Io- B’ and non- Io- D). ![]() In particular in the 2. Iogenic plasma emissions occurred in the middle of Jan. This interesting phenomenon would give a valuable opportunity to study what elements and/or processes affect magnetosphere's variations. From the analysis, it is found that the both radio emissions showed following characteristic variations; occurrence probability/intensity of HOM has increased, and the recurrence periodicity of non Io- DAM's . This result in HOM is opposite to the precedent study by Yoneda et al. As for the result in DAM, variation of the recurrency for the particular period is a new aspect in this “QP” burst. Kollmann, C. Paranicas, G. Haggerty, L. Santos- Costa, J. Connerney, F. Allegrini, P. Gladstone, S. Bolton. Juno is the first spacecraft that repeatedly passes close to Jupiter’s surface. Its closest approach distances are around 1. RJ from Jupiter’s center. Juno’s orbit makes it uniquely suited to study the innermost region of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, including a region that magnetically connects near the rings. The JEDI instrument we use measures charged particles in the ke. V to Me. V range and distinguishes ion species. Already Juno’s first science pass revealed the existence of an ion population inward and throughout Jupiter’s rings. The energy spectrum is rising at hundreds of ke. V, which is consistent with the ions being supplied by energetic neutral atoms that are produced in the Io & Europa neutral cloud and stripped in Jupiter’s high atmosphere. This seems to be a common process since it is also thought to occur at Earth and Saturn. In the absence of ions, an electron population can be measured. While there can be ambiguity in the JEDI data between the detection of electrons and ions, we confirm that these measurements are dominated by electrons. Electrons were previously measured throughout the magnetosphere to have a spectrum that rolls over in the Me. V range. The electron spectra near Jupiter show a similar shape but roll over in the hundreds of ke. V range, indicating that their origin and history differs. Badman. The far- ultraviolet (FUV) aurora seen on giant planets is directly produced by the precipitating auroral electrons. An analysis of Saturn’s aurorae taken by the Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph instrument onboard the Cassini spacecraft showed that the brightness ratio of H Lyman- . This ratio is suggested to provide a sensitive diagnosis of auroral electron energy from modeling studies, and the measurement was then investigated in details for the Saturn’s case to show that the brightness ratio provides low energy electrons (typically lower than 1. V), in contrast with the FUV color ratio (CR) method which provides the energy of electrons > 1. V. The H/H2 ratio would be also useful for the Jupiter case to investigate the role of low energy auroral electrons, and we investigated the relationship of Jupiter auroral observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The H/H2 brightness ratio does not show any clear relationship with the FUV CR which is sensitive to more energetic electrons. Compared to the same analysis applied for Saturn aurora, we found that the relationship for Jupiter mainly shows decreasing flux with increasing energy without acceleration features, which would reflect the different plasma environments. We report on results from two of these campaigns. The first campaign took place in summer 2. Juno spacecraft was upstream of the planet sampling the solar wind, and the second campaign covers spring and summer 2. Chandra observations matched to the times when Juno was at apojove and predicted to be near the dawn flank magnetopause. We report on the X- ray observations including intensities and periodicities of auroral X- ray emissions. We aim to examine possible drivers of X- ray emission including reconnection and the Kelvin- Helmholtz instability and to explore the role of the solar wind in controlling the emissions. Haggerty, B. Paranicas, G. Kollmann, A. Connerney, S. The Jupiter Energetic particle Detector Instruments (JEDI) have SSD telescopes with multiple look directions and additional time- of- flight capabilities to measure ions and electrons from ~ 6 ke. V to ~2. 0 Me. V. These instruments resolve major ion species beginning at ~3. V/n, with coarser mass resolution for lower energy ions. JEDI instruments observed energetic heavy ions up to 2. Me. V precipitating into the auroral regions during the first few Juno perijoves that have occurred to date, but the intensity and spatial location vary greatly from one pass to the next. Precipitating energetic heavy ions are believed to be the source population for Jupiter’s x- ray aurora. We report on the new findings of energetic heavy ions from the first few Juno orbits with an emphasis on the auroral regions. We will also compare and contrast the observations from each of the auroral passes. Todd. The atmosphere of a Jovian satellite Io has been thought to be mainly by volcanism and sublimation of frost. Dominant atmospheric gases are sulfur dioxide, and dissociative product such as atomic oxygen and sulfur, which are produced mainly by electron impact dissociation and photolysis. Neutral oxygen escape from exobase to neutral clouds (> 5. Io radius) mainly by atmospheric sputtering. However, it was not understood the characteristics of spatial distribution of atomic oxygen escaping from Io. Then, we found following two important observation fact. First, weak atomic oxygen emission (4- 6 Rayleighs (R)) continuously exists on both dawn and dusk sides not depending on the phase angle. This suggests that small amount of atomic oxygen distributes uniformly along the Io’s orbit. |